Vacant Big Box Retail Stores

Posted on July 8, 2010 by Beth Farrell

The current economic downturn and the contraction of the retail sector have resulted in an increasing number of vacant “big box” retail stores in shopping centers across the country. A “big box” is a freestanding building occupied by a single retail tenant that contains between 20,000 to 200,000 square feet of space and is surrounded by a large parking area. Big box structures are designed to house large inventories in an efficient and cost-effective manner. They are constructed to the meet the specific needs of the big box tenant. Examples of big box retailers include Wal-Mart, Target, Costco, and Home Depot.

As the number of vacant big boxes increases, owners, developers, and communities are faced with the challenge of what to do with them. Big boxes have been redeveloped into libraries, community centers, charter schools, churches, museums, and civic centers. While this redevelopment is promising, churches, schools, and other public uses generally are exempt from real estate taxes and they do not generate sales taxes. Ideally, the new use of the big box space will generate sales and property taxes as the big box retailer did, but oftentimes, this is not the case. The failure of a re-use tenant to generate sales and property taxes further contributes to the already daunting fiscal challenges faced by many local communities. Lower rent tenants, such as discount retailers and grocers, are also options for reuse of vacant big box space but owners may be concerned that lower rent tenants may devalue the property.

Redeveloping vacant big boxes present special challenges to communities, owners, and prospective tenants. Leases or deed covenants may contain restrictions that may impact the ability to re-lease the property. Zoning and land use issues may impede or constrain the future use of the space. Co-tenancy clauses in leases of other tenants in a center may result in tenants abandoning a center if a big box tenant vacates its space thereby triggering a landlord default under the lease.

While creative ideas for the reuse of vacant big box spaces exist, it will take the support of local governments and communities as well as available financing to make the redevelopment of these big boxes work.
 

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Mixed Use Centers - How Do You Allocate CAM?

Posted on March 9, 2010 by Scott Kadish

Almost all new build shopping centers are mixed use - they include some combination of office and residential in addition to the retail space. Elizabeth Hamilton, in house Real Estate Counsel at Office Depot, recently reminded me of the special problem this presents in allocating CAM, taxes and insurance. Some portion of each must be allocated to the office and residential components, but should it be on a strict per square foot basis for all users?  Taxes and insurance should be allocated among all users equally on a per square foot basis.  This means the dominator of the fraction defining a tenant's pro rata share should include all retail, office and residential space. (Of course, creating separate parcels eliminates or reduces the problem.) 

CAM may be more complicated. The operating expenses attributable solely to the office component (such as the maintenance of an elevator or lobby area) should be allocated only to the office tenants, meaning that those costs should be deducted from the CAM allocated to the retail tenants. But then should the balance be spread over all tenants, retail and office? Retail tenants use more CAM than office tenants so that may not really be fair. Some landlords analyze it item by item to allocate between office and retail tenants. Some simply figure out what the market rate for office is and deduct that off the top. Others deduct based on a per square foot or percentage reduction and a general application of how they think CAM should be allocated. In any of these methods, the denominator of the fraction is just the retail area (because the aggregate CAM is reduced before the fraction is applied.)
 
The key here is to recognize the issue and have the Landlord explain how it allocates each item and then to make sure the Lease reflects this methodology. There is definite room for disagreement as to how to allocate, but the actual cost difference is probably not material. However, is this not another reason why fixed CAM is better?
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Mix It Up! Mixed-Use Condominium Developments Can Be Rewarding for Developers

Posted on March 26, 2009 by David Lindner

“Mixed-use” developments, which incorporate residential units with retail or other commercial uses, have steadily gained in popularity over recent years. This is due to the fact that mixed-use developments offer advantages to developers, owners, tenants and residents when compared to traditional single-purpose developments. Many of today’s home buyers are increasingly interested in living within walking distance of amenities such as restaurants, movie theaters and shopping. From the developer’s perspective, mixed-use projects provide diversification in the product they have to offer. Commercial owners and tenants benefit from having a built-in customer base and consistent traffic through their stores due to their proximity to the residential units.

The condominium form of ownership and governance is flexible enough to accommodate a mixed-use project, though it can also be combined with other forms of ownership for even more flexibility. The overall structure must be well-planned in order to balance the sometimes competing interests of the various uses. In a residential-only development, dealing with commercial uses is easy—the developer simply prohibits them in the governing documents. In a mixed-use development, however, commercial and residential must coexist peacefully. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways, but careful planning is the key to ensure that the “balance of power” between residential and commercial is maintained. 

 

One of the most important considerations in developing the ownership and governance structure is the physical layout of the development.  For example, will residential and commercial uses be located in the same building? If so, the developer and design professionals must pay close attention to access, noise and light issues, trash disposal and parking, among other issues. If the residential and commercial uses are located in separate buildings, the same issues often exist, but usually to a lesser degree. In a high-rise mixed use development, the parcel may sometimes be “horizontally subdivided” so that two separate condominiums can be created, one stacked on the other. Or, the ground level parcel may be a fee parcel used for a hotel, retail shops or other purposes with a residential condominium created from the upper parcel. In either case, a variety of easements for access, support and utilities will be required. Once the basic organizational structure of the development has been determined, the governing documents—usually consisting of one or more declarations, codes of regulations or reciprocal easement agreements—must be meticulously drafted to provide the easements, covenants and restrictions necessary for the successful operation of the development. 

 

Financing for a mixed-use development can also be complex, as funds often come from a mix of public and private sources, each with its own lending standards and requirements. Lenders may require that one or more portions of the project be held under separate ownership to minimize the risk of default. This is another factor to consider when planning the ownership structure of the various project components and the content of the governing documents.

 

Is mixed-use development just a short-term trend or is it here to stay? The International Council of Shopping Centers recently held a conference on mixed-use developments at which one leading developer told participants that mixed-use developments have gone from “novelty to normality” and that “[i]t’s been established that all of the other components—apartments, hotel, office—do better in concert with the retail component.” As the economy recovers and new real estate development projects take flight, expect to see mixed-use developments at the forefront.

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